The scale of acidity is actually logarithmic similarly to the Richter
scale for earthquakes and the audio scale for loudness. An exponent
of 7 in 10^{7} means a number that is ten times as large as 10^{6}
with an exponent of 6. An earthquake of magnitude 7 is actually ten
times the strength of an earthquake of magnitude 6. The sound
intensity of 80 dB is ten times the sound intensity of 70 dB which is
in turn ten times the sound intensity of 60 dB.
Exercise: The pH scale can best be demonstrated by an actual dilution
process. All the groups have a solution of 0.1 M HCl. The M
means moles (the very large Avogadro's number of 6.02 x 10^{23}) per liter.
For this acid we're talking about concentration
of H^{+} (actually H_3O^{+}). The concentration of 0.1 M can
be expressed in powers of as 10^{-1} M and the pH is -log (
10^{-1}) = 1.
concentration of H^{+} ions = 0.1 M = 10^{-1} M
logarithm of 10^{-1} = -1
pH = - logarithm of 10^{-1} = - (- 1) = 1
Now, make the 0.1 M solution more dilute by a factor of 10.
Carefully transfer 2.5 mL of the stock solution into the 25 mL
graduated cylinder. If you take too much just pour it back in to the
stock container. Now add fresh water to the 25 mL mark in the
graduated cylinder. The new concentration of H^{+} ions is
10^{-2} M and the new pH is 2.
2.5/25 x 10^{-1} = 10^{-2}
pH = - logarithm of 10^{-2} = - (- 2) = 2
Now, make the 0.01 M solution more dilute by a factor of 10 by
diluting 2.5 mL of the pH 2 solution to 25 mL
graduated cylinder. The new concentration of H^{+} ions is
10^{-3} M and the new pH is 3. And do it one more time to make a
pH 4 solution
Test all four solutions with pH paper.
The same demonstration can be repeated starting with a 0.1 M
solution of sodium hydroxide. Basicity and acidity trend in opposite directions
and quantitatively even pH and the pOH (the measure of basicity) have
to add up to 14. So a 0.1 M solution of NaOH has a pOH of 1 and the
pH is therefore 13.
Exercise: Conduct the dilutions of 0.1 M NaOH similarly to above
for 0.1 M HCl to prepare solutions of pH 12, 11 and 10 and test with
pH paper.
The scale of acidity is actually logarithmic similarly to the Richter
scale for earthquakes and the audio scale for loudness. An exponent
of 7 in 10^{7} means a number that is ten times as large as 10^{6}
with an exponent of 6. An earthquake of magnitude 7 is actually ten
times the strength of an earthquake of magnitude 6. The sound
intensity of 80 dB is ten times the sound intensity of 70 dB which is
in turn ten times the sound intensity of 60 dB.
Exercise: The pH scale can best be demonstrated by an actual dilution
process. All the groups have a solution of 0.1 M HCl. The M
means moles (the very large Avogadro's number of 6.02 x 10^{23}) per liter.
For this acid we're talking about concentration
of H^{+} (actually H_3O^{+}). The concentration of 0.1 M can
be expressed in powers of as 10^{-1} M and the pH is -log (
10^{-1}) = 1.
concentration of H^{+} ions = 0.1 M = 10^{-1} M
logarithm of 10^{-1} = -1
pH = - logarithm of 10^{-1} = - (- 1) = 1
Now, make the 0.1 M solution more dilute by a factor of 10.
Carefully transfer 2.5 mL of the stock solution into the 25 mL
graduated cylinder. If you take too much just pour it back in to the
stock container. Now add fresh water to the 25 mL mark in the
graduated cylinder. The new concentration of H^{+} ions is
10^{-2} M and the new pH is 2.
2.5/25 x 10^{-1} = 10^{-2}
pH = - logarithm of 10^{-2} = - (- 2) = 2
Now, make the 0.01 M solution more dilute by a factor of 10 by
diluting 2.5 mL of the pH 2 solution to 25 mL
graduated cylinder. The new concentration of H^{+} ions is
10^{-3} M and the new pH is 3. And do it one more time to make a
pH 4 solution
Test all four solutions with pH paper.
The same demonstration can be repeated starting with a 0.1 M
solution of sodium hydroxide. Basicity and acidity trend in opposite directions
and quantitatively even pH and the pOH (the measure of basicity) have
to add up to 14. So a 0.1 M solution of NaOH has a pOH of 1 and the
pH is therefore 13.
Exercise: Conduct the dilutions of 0.1 M NaOH similarly to above
for 0.1 M HCl to prepare solutions of pH 12, 11 and 10 and test with
pH paper.